MEDIEVAL INDIA-2

 MEDIEVAL INDIA(800AD-1600AD)

After the second battle of Tarain, the Islamic rule started in India. Moreover, I would like to clear a common misconception. Some people think that after Ghori came, India was totally under the influence of Islam. This is wrong. The Islamic dynasties(except Tuglaqs and Mughals) never controlled more than 40% of the Indian subcontinent. Moreover the South was under the influence of Islamic rule for not a very long time. The Cholas stopped the Islamic invaders from entering the south for a long time. Then, the Vijayanagar empire stopped Islamic rulers from entering south and then the imperial Marathas. Moreover, not all the Islamic rulers were radical and orthodox. Emperors like Akbar and Sher Shah Suri were tolerant towards other religions. But no one can deny the fact that Islamic rulers destroyed various Buddhist monasteries because according to them it was a threat to them. India may not have lost nothing financially due to Islamic invasion but have lost a lot of things culturally including the Nalanda university. Even after this, our NCERT book only feels the need to mention that Aurangzeb have given grants for temple building without any clear evidence.

After the second battle of Tarain, Chori returned back to Afghanistan. He later died there and his empire got divided in pieces as he was not having children. Taj-ud-Din Yildoz became the ruler of Ghazni, Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji got Bengal and Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha became the sultan of Multan. Qutb ud-Din Aibak became the sultan of Delhi, and this was the beginning of the Slave dynasty. 

SLAVE DYNASTY(1206AD-1290AD)

The first ruler the slave dynasty was Qutub-ud-din Aibak. His reign was short-lived as he died in the year 1210. The second ruler was Alam shah. He was assassinated by Illtutmish. The later rulers were weak and thus many noblemen gained autonomy and formed separate empires. But, they were able to rotect the empire from external threats(Remember that they were also an external power).

KHALJI DYNASTY(1290AD-1320AD)

The Khaljis were the vassals of Slave dynasty. All the Turkish nobles were murdered and the Afghans established their supremacy and established the Khalji dynasty. After this, there was no major Turkish ruler in India. They also were able to protect their kingdom from external power. The tax system introduced during the Khalji dynasty had a long term influence on Indian taxation system and state administration.

TUGLAQ DYNASTY(1320AD-1413AD)

Historians named this dynasty as Tuglaq for their convenience as only Muhammad bin called himself the son of tuglaq shah(bin-tuglaq). Muhammad-bin Tuglaq expanded the kingdom but this was expensive and thus increased taxes for non-muslims by tenthfold. Thus many hindus quit farming which led to famine. This was his complete failure and thus we would remember him not for expansion but for his cruelty. He was even cruel to certain sect on Muslims(something that was not common among other Muslim rulers). This dynasty wasnot able to protect it self from the external invaders and this, Timur raided Delhi in 1398. The sultan when to Gujarat when Timur came. It took Delhi a centuy to revive from the catastrophe.

SAYYID DYNASTY(1414AD-1451AD)

This dynasty ruled for a short period of time. This dynasty lose massive area and the local dynasties started coming up. It was founded by Khizr Khan. Timur appointed Khizr Khan as the deputy of Multan. He then captured Delhi and established Sayyid Dynasty.

LODI DYNASTY

This was the last dynasty of Delhi Sultanate. This was founded by Bahlul Lodi. The empire extended a bit during the reign of Lodis. Bahlul Lodi was succeeded by Sikandar and then Ibrahim Lodi. The empire ended after Ibrahim Lodi lost in the 1st battle of Panipat in 1526. 

MUGHAL EMPIRE(1526AD-1720AD)

This empire was founded by Babur, the great-great grandson of Timur. After, Ibrahim Lodi, Babur had to face Rana Sanga(According to Babur, he was the greatest king of that time along with Krisnadeva Raya). He then won the battle of Khanwa- the most decisive battle of Babur. His son Humayun annexed the throne. He lost to Sher Shah Suri but again captured the empire after Sher Shah Suri empire. Then his son Akbar annexed the empire. He was no doubt the best king of the Dynasty.